{"id":16710,"date":"2022-05-10T17:59:35","date_gmt":"2022-05-10T15:59:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/units\/neuromuscular-disease-unit\/"},"modified":"2025-04-16T13:52:13","modified_gmt":"2025-04-16T11:52:13","slug":"neuromuscular-disease-unit","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/en\/units\/neuromuscular-disease-unit\/","title":{"rendered":"Neuromuscular Disease Unit"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"16710\" class=\"elementor elementor-16710 elementor-1074\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7b77917c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7b77917c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-background-overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-39b4485b\" data-id=\"39b4485b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce7aeb8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ce7aeb8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Neuromuscular Disease Unit<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cea78af elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"cea78af\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f76bb2f\" data-id=\"f76bb2f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15831ce elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15831ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">This unit specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular diseases.  <\/h6>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37e4218 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37e4218\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Neuromuscular diseases constitute a broad group of <strong>neurological diseases<\/strong> that predominantly affect the <strong>peripheral nerves<\/strong> (the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, skin and other organs), the <strong>neuromuscular junction<\/strong> (the area where the peripheral nerves connect to the muscles) and the <strong>muscles<\/strong> (which are responsible for generating force and movement).<\/p><p>Neuromuscular diseases can appear at <strong>any age<\/strong> and can be <strong>genetic<\/strong> (caused by alterations in DNA) or <strong>acquired<\/strong> (caused by immune-mediated, infectious, toxic, metabolic, neurodegenerative or due to compression or trauma).<\/p><p>The most common symptoms of these diseases are <strong>weakness<\/strong> (e.g. loss of strength in muscles of the face, neck, arms or legs), <strong>sensory disturbances <\/strong>(e.g. tingling sensation or numbness) and neuropathic or muscular <strong>pain <\/strong>(due to peripheral nerve or muscle damage, respectively).  <\/p><p>Other symptoms may include diplopia (double vision), dysphagia (difficulty swallowing), muscle cramps or contractures, or those due to autonomic dysfunction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c4378b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c4378b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h6><strong>Main neuromuscular diseases treated<\/strong><\/h6><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba9c948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"ba9c948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1951\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1951\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Motor neuron diseases<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1951\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1951\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)<\/li>\n<li>Other motor neuron diseases (primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscular atrophy, spinal muscular atrophy, post-polio syndrome)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1952\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1952\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Peripheral nerve diseases (neuropathies)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1952\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1952\"><div class=\"vc_tta-panel-body\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h6>Acquired neuropathies<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome\" href=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/en\/neurological-diseases-and-disorders\/guillain-barre-syndrome\/\">Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Chronic inflammatory polyneuropathies including CIDP<\/li>\n<li>Chemotherapy-induced polyneuropathies<\/li>\n<li>Diabetic polyneuropathy or of other causes<\/li>\n<li>Mononeuropathies and plexopathies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6>Hereditary neuropathies<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease<\/li>\n<li>Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy<\/li>\n<li>CANVAS Syndrome<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1953\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1953\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Neuromuscular junction diseases<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1953\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1953\"><div class=\"vc_tta-panel-body\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Myasthenia gravis\" href=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/enfermedades-trastornos-neurologicos\/miastenia-gravis\/\">Myasthenia gravis<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Other myasthenic syndromes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1954\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1954\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Muscle diseases (myopathies)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1954\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1954\"><div class=\"vc_tta-panel-body\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<h6>Acquired myopathies<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Inflammatory myopathies (myositis)<\/li>\n<li>Toxic, viral or other myopathies (Statins)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6>Hereditary myopathies<\/h6>\n<ul>\n<li>Muscular dystrophies<\/li>\n<li>Metabolic myopathies<\/li>\n<li>Muscular channelopathies<\/li>\n<li>Congenital myopathies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h6>Creatine kinase (CK) elevation<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-1955\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-1955\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">  Mitochondrial diseases<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-1955\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-1955\"><div class=\"vc_tta-panel-body\">\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \">\n<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n<p>These are disorders of the transition between wakefulness and sleep, which cause abnormal sensations and\/or behaviors during sleep. Some are more frequent in childhood, such as <strong>night terrors<\/strong> and <strong>sleepwalking<\/strong>.  In adulthood, <strong>somniloquy<\/strong>, <strong>head-burst syndrome<\/strong> or <strong>nightmares<\/strong> predominate. From the age of 50 years onwards, <strong>REM (<\/strong><em>rapid eye movement<\/em>) <strong>behavioral disorder<\/strong> may appear. <\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-acc4ddb\" data-id=\"acc4ddb\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0f5c78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0f5c78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"1200\" src=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/unidad-de-neuro-muscular.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-16098\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/unidad-de-neuro-muscular.jpg 800w, https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/unidad-de-neuro-muscular-768x1152.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72596f3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"72596f3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-98186a5\" data-id=\"98186a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7e6b6e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7e6b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h6><strong>Evaluation of the patient with a possible neuromuscular disease<\/strong><\/h6><p>Since the symptoms described above may be due to different neurological diseases, an initial evaluation by a neurologist specialized in neuromuscular diseases through a thorough <strong>history<\/strong> and <strong>neurological examination<\/strong> is necessary.<\/p><p><strong>Diagnostic tests<\/strong> such as laboratory tests, neurophysiological studies (nerve conduction studies and electromyography), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI of the central nervous system, nerve plexus or muscles), muscle or nerve biopsy, or genetic studies may then be necessary.<\/p><p>Once the diagnosis is established, an <strong>individualized treatment<\/strong> plan is indicated, which may include pharmacological treatments and rehabilitation treatment in coordination with the Neuro-rehabilitation Unit, and the need for follow-up to evaluate the evolution and response to treatment.<\/p><p>We have special expertise in the evaluation of complex or difficult to diagnose cases including second opinions.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"vc_row wpb_row vc_row-fluid\"><div class=\"wpb_column vc_column_container vc_col-sm-12\"><div class=\"vc_column-inner\"><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \"><h6><strong>Complementary studies (tests) used for the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases  <\/strong><\/h6><h6 class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><strong>Nerve conduction studies<\/strong><\/h6><div class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><ul><li><strong>Nerve conduction studies<\/strong> (also known as <strong>electroneurography<\/strong>) are diagnostic tests that evaluate the degree of activation and electrical conduction of peripheral nerves. These studies help to determine if there is a lesion in one or more <strong>peripheral nerves<\/strong>. <\/li><li>Nerve conduction studies only allow evaluation of nerves accessible to electrical stimulation and do not adequately evaluate smaller or finer nerve fibers.<\/li><li>The procedure consists of <strong>electrically<\/strong> <strong>stimulating<\/strong> peripheral nerves at different points along their pathway (using stimulation electrodes on the skin) and recording the resulting response in the skin or muscle (using recording electrodes that are usually attached to the skin).<\/li><li>After the test is performed, <strong>a personalized report will be issued<\/strong> and, if required, the referring <strong>physician<\/strong> will be <strong>contacted<\/strong>. At all times, the <strong>Neurology Department secretary<\/strong>, by telephone or in person, <strong>will schedule and coordinate<\/strong> any necessary complementary tests or other appointments.<\/li><\/ul><h6><strong>Repetitive nerve stimulation<\/strong><\/h6><ul><li><strong>Repetitive nerve stimulation<\/strong> is a type of nerve conduction study in which a nerve is repeatedly stimulated and the resulting response in a muscle is recorded. This test can help determine if there is a dysfunction of the <strong>neuromuscular junction<\/strong>. <\/li><li>After the test is performed, <strong>a personalized report will be issued<\/strong> and, if required, the referring <strong>physician<\/strong> will be <strong>contacted<\/strong>. At all times, the <strong>Neurology Department secretary<\/strong>, by telephone or in person, <strong>will schedule and coordinate<\/strong> any necessary complementary tests or other appointments.<\/li><\/ul><strong>Electromyography (EMG)<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Electromyography<\/strong> is a diagnostic test to evaluate the degree of spontaneous activity and voluntary activation of muscles. This test can help determine whether there is a lesion of <strong>motor neurons<\/strong>, <strong>nerve roots<\/strong>, <strong>peripheral nerves<\/strong> or <strong>muscles<\/strong>. <\/li><li>The procedure consists of inserting a needle into the muscle or muscles to be studied and then recording its electrical activity both at rest and during different degrees of voluntary contraction.<\/li><li>After the test is performed, <strong>a personalized report will be issued<\/strong> and, if required, the referring <strong>physician<\/strong> will be <strong>contacted<\/strong>. At all times, the <strong>Neurology Department secretary<\/strong>, by telephone or in person, <strong>will schedule and coordinate<\/strong> any necessary complementary tests or other appointments.<\/li><\/ul><strong>Isolated fiber electromyography<\/strong><ul><li><strong>Isolated fiber electromyography <\/strong>is a type of electromyography in which a fine needle inserted into a muscle is used to record the activation of an <strong>individual muscle fiber<\/strong>. This test can be performed by voluntary muscle contraction or by electrical stimulation (usually with two subcutaneous electrodes). This test can help determine if <strong>neuromuscular junction<\/strong> dysfunction is present.  <\/li><li>The study is performed on an outpatient basis. After the test is performed, <strong>a personalized report is issued<\/strong> and, if required, a <strong>communication<\/strong> <strong>with the<\/strong> referring <strong>physician<\/strong> will be made.  At all times, the <strong>Neurology Department secretary<\/strong>, by telephone or in person, <strong>will schedule and coordinate<\/strong> any necessary complementary tests or other appointments.<\/li><\/ul><strong>Study of the autonomic nervous system<\/strong><p>The autonomic nervous system transmits signals from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to the rest of the body, and is involved in the unconscious regulation of multiple bodily functions including heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, urination and sweating.  <\/p><p>The function of the autonomic nervous system can be altered in various neurological diseases (e.g. peripheral neuropathies or parkinsonisms) or systemic diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus or amyloidosis). The function of the autonomic nervous system can be studied by different tests which, when altered, help to identify the focus and type of autonomic dysfunction.   <\/p><p>These include tests that assess cardiovascular function (e.g. orthostasis tests, heart rate variability or Valsalva maneuver), cardiac scintigraphy with 123I-MIBG, sudomotor function tests (e.g. cutaneous sympathetic response or Sudoscan\u00ae), and urinary and gastrointestinal function tests.<\/p><strong>Lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid analysis<\/strong><strong>Muscle and peripheral nerve biopsy<\/strong><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b2a0448 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b2a0448\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d47306a\" data-id=\"d47306a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dcbbc8 elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6dcbbc8\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-63416f1\" data-id=\"63416f1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa7a49b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa7a49b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Our<br><span style=\"font-weight:900;\">Specialties<\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-d80a953 elementor-hidden-phone\" data-id=\"d80a953\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1153921 elementor-widget__width-auto elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1153921\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/en\/units\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"jki jki-right-arrow-12\"><\/i>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Back to all Specialties<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9acfab0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9acfab0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e382b15\" data-id=\"e382b15\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7cb292 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c7cb292\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Neuromuscular Diseases Unit Team<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1b58633 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1b58633\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-35a040b\" data-id=\"35a040b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9d1605 elementor-author-box--align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"c9d1605\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/quienes-somos\/equipo-medico\/dr-jesus-esteban-perez\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/Jesu\u0301s-Esteban-1.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of Dr. Jes\u00fas Esteban P\u00e9rez\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/quienes-somos\/equipo-medico\/dr-jesus-esteban-perez\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDr. Jes\u00fas Esteban P\u00e9rez\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Neurologist<br \/>\nAdjunct Clinical Neurology Unit and<br \/>\nSpecialist in neuromuscular diseases<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b0cacd3\" data-id=\"b0cacd3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27ea320 elementor-author-box--align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-author-box\" data-id=\"27ea320\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"author-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/quienes-somos\/equipo-medico\/dr-alejandro-horga-hernandez\/\" class=\"elementor-author-box__avatar\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/Alejandro-Horga-3.jpg\" alt=\"Picture of Dr. Alejandro Horga Hern\u00e1ndez\" loading=\"lazy\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/neurologiaclinica.es\/quienes-somos\/equipo-medico\/dr-alejandro-horga-hernandez\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-author-box__name\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDr. Alejandro Horga Hern\u00e1ndez\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-author-box__bio\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Neurologist<br \/>\nNeuromuscular Disease Specialist<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ec06487 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ec06487\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-553321e\" data-id=\"553321e\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ab3dc1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"4ab3dc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This unit specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of neuromuscular diseases. Neuromuscular diseases constitute a broad group of neurological diseases that predominantly affect the peripheral nerves (the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles, skin and other organs), the neuromuscular junction (the area where the peripheral nerves connect to the muscles) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16098,"parent":16591,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16710","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"rankMath":{"parentDomain":"neurologiaclinica.es","noFollowDomains":[],"noFollowExcludeDomains":[],"noFollowExternalLinks":false,"featuredImageNotice":"The featured image should be at least 200 by 200 pixels to be picked up by Facebook and other social media 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